A Tour of Scala: Upper Type Bounds

In Scala, type parameters and abstract types may be constrained by a type bound. Such type bounds limit the concrete values of the type variables and possibly reveal more information about the members of such types. An upper type bound T <: Adeclares that type variable T refers to a subtype of type A.

Here is an example which relies on an upper type bound for the implementation of the polymorphic method findSimilar:

trait Similar {
  def isSimilar(x: Any): Boolean
}
case class MyInt(x: Int) extends Similar {
  def isSimilar(m: Any): Boolean =
    m.isInstanceOf[MyInt] &&
    m.asInstanceOf[MyInt].x == x
}
object UpperBoundTest extends Application {
  def findSimilar[T <: Similar](e: T, xs: List[T]): Boolean =
    if (xs.isEmpty) false
    else if (e.isSimilar(xs.head)) true
    else findSimilar[T](e, xs.tail)
  val list: List[MyInt] = List(MyInt(1), MyInt(2), MyInt(3))
  println(findSimilar[MyInt](MyInt(4), list))
  println(findSimilar[MyInt](MyInt(2), list))
}

Without the upper type bound annotation it would not be possible to call method isSimilar in method findSimilar.

The usage of lower type bounds is discussed here.