Scala Standard Library2.13.9 < Back

Packages

package root
This is the documentation for the Scala standard library.
This is the documentation for the Scala standard library.
Package structure
The scala package contains core types like Int, Float, Array or Option which are accessible in all Scala compilation units without explicit qualification or imports.
Notable packages include:
- scala.collection and its sub-packages contain Scala's collections framework
  - scala.collection.immutable - Immutable, sequential data-structures such as Vector, List, Range, HashMap or HashSet
  - scala.collection.mutable - Mutable, sequential data-structures such as ArrayBuffer, StringBuilder, HashMap or HashSet
  - scala.collection.concurrent - Mutable, concurrent data-structures such as TrieMap
- scala.concurrent - Primitives for concurrent programming such as Futures and Promises
- scala.io - Input and output operations
- scala.math - Basic math functions and additional numeric types like BigInt and BigDecimal
- scala.sys - Interaction with other processes and the operating system
- scala.util.matching - Regular expressions
Other packages exist. See the complete list on the right.
Additional parts of the standard library are shipped as separate libraries. These include:
- scala.reflect - Scala's reflection API (scala-reflect.jar)
- scala.xml - XML parsing, manipulation, and serialization (scala-xml.jar)
- scala.collection.parallel - Parallel collections (scala-parallel-collections.jar)
- scala.util.parsing - Parser combinators (scala-parser-combinators.jar)
- scala.swing - A convenient wrapper around Java's GUI framework called Swing (scala-swing.jar)
Automatic imports
Identifiers in the scala package and the scala.Predef object are always in scope by default.
Some of these identifiers are type aliases provided as shortcuts to commonly used classes. For example, List is an alias for scala.collection.immutable.List.
Other aliases refer to classes provided by the underlying platform. For example, on the JVM, String is an alias for java.lang.String.
Definition Classes
root
package scala
Core Scala types.
Core Scala types. They are always available without an explicit import.
Definition Classes
root
package annotation
Definition Classes
scala
package beans
Definition Classes
scala
package collection
Definition Classes
scala
package compat
Definition Classes
scala
package concurrent
This package object contains primitives for concurrent and parallel programming.
This package object contains primitives for concurrent and parallel programming.
Guide
A more detailed guide to Futures and Promises, including discussion and examples can be found at https://docs.scala-lang.org/overviews/core/futures.html.
Common Imports
When working with Futures, you will often find that importing the whole concurrent package is convenient:
```
import scala.concurrent._
```
When using things like Futures, it is often required to have an implicit ExecutionContext in scope. The general advice for these implicits are as follows.
If the code in question is a class or method definition, and no ExecutionContext is available, request one from the caller by adding an implicit parameter list:
```
def myMethod(myParam: MyType)(implicit ec: ExecutionContext) = …
//Or
class MyClass(myParam: MyType)(implicit ec: ExecutionContext) { … }
```
This allows the caller of the method, or creator of the instance of the class, to decide which ExecutionContext should be used.
For typical REPL usage and experimentation, importing the global ExecutionContext is often desired.
```
import scala.concurrent.ExcutionContext.Implicits.global
```
Specifying Durations
Operations often require a duration to be specified. A duration DSL is available to make defining these easier:
```
import scala.concurrent.duration._
val d: Duration = 10.seconds
```
Using Futures For Non-blocking Computation
Basic use of futures is easy with the factory method on Future, which executes a provided function asynchronously, handing you back a future result of that function without blocking the current thread. In order to create the Future you will need either an implicit or explicit ExecutionContext to be provided:
```
import scala.concurrent._
import ExecutionContext.Implicits.global  // implicit execution context

val firstZebra: Future[Int] = Future {
  val words = Files.readAllLines("/etc/dictionaries-common/words").asScala
  words.indexOfSlice("zebra")
}
```
Avoid Blocking
Although blocking is possible in order to await results (with a mandatory timeout duration):
```
import scala.concurrent.duration._
Await.result(firstZebra, 10.seconds)
```
and although this is sometimes necessary to do, in particular for testing purposes, blocking in general is discouraged when working with Futures and concurrency in order to avoid potential deadlocks and improve performance. Instead, use callbacks or combinators to remain in the future domain:
```
val animalRange: Future[Int] = for {
  aardvark <- firstAardvark
  zebra <- firstZebra
} yield zebra - aardvark

animalRange.onSuccess {
  case x if x > 500000 => println("It's a long way from Aardvark to Zebra")
}
```
Definition Classes
scala
package io
Definition Classes
scala
package jdk
The jdk package contains utilities to interact with JDK classes.
The jdk package contains utilities to interact with JDK classes.
This packages offers a number of converters, that are able to wrap or copy types from the scala library to equivalent types in the JDK class library and vice versa:
- CollectionConverters, converting collections like scala.collection.Seq, scala.collection.Map, scala.collection.Set, scala.collection.mutable.Buffer, scala.collection.Iterator and scala.collection.Iterable to their JDK counterparts
- OptionConverters, converting between Option and java.util.Optional and primitive variations
- StreamConverters, to create JDK Streams from scala collections
- DurationConverters, for conversions between scala scala.concurrent.duration.FiniteDuration and java.time.Duration
- FunctionConverters, from scala Functions to java java.util.function.Function, java.util.function.UnaryOperator, java.util.function.Consumer and java.util.function.Predicate, as well as primitive variations and Bi-variations.
By convention, converters that wrap an object to provide a different interface to the same underlying data structure use .asScala and .asJava extension methods, whereas converters that copy the underlying data structure use .toScala and .toJava.
In the javaapi package, the same converters can be found with a java-friendly interface that don't rely on implicit enrichments.
Additionally, this package offers Accumulators, capable of efficiently traversing JDK Streams.
Definition Classes
scala
package math
The package object scala.math contains methods for performing basic numeric operations such as elementary exponential, logarithmic, root and trigonometric functions.
The package object scala.math contains methods for performing basic numeric operations such as elementary exponential, logarithmic, root and trigonometric functions.
All methods forward to java.lang.Math unless otherwise noted.
Definition Classes
scala
See also
java.lang.Math
package ref
Definition Classes
scala
package reflect
Definition Classes
scala
package sys
The package object scala.sys contains methods for reading and altering core aspects of the virtual machine as well as the world outside of it.
The package object scala.sys contains methods for reading and altering core aspects of the virtual machine as well as the world outside of it.
Definition Classes
scala
package util
Definition Classes
scala
#::
<:<
=:=
Any
AnyVal
App
Array
Boolean
Byte
Char
Console
DelayedInit
Double
DummyImplicit
Dynamic
Enumeration
Equals
Float
Function
Function0
Function1
Function10
Function11
Function12
Function13
Function14
Function15
Function16
Function17
Function18
Function19
Function2
Function20
Function21
Function22
Function3
Function4
Function5
Function6
Function7
Function8
Function9
Int
Long
MatchError
None
NotImplementedError
Nothing
Null
Option
PartialFunction
Predef
Product
Product1
Product10
Product11
Product12
Product13
Product14
Product15
Product16
Product17
Product18
Product19
Product2
Product20
Product21
Product22
Product3
Product4
Product5
Product6
Product7
Product8
Product9
Proxy
ScalaReflectionException
SerialVersionUID
Short
Singleton
Some
Specializable
StringContext
Symbol
Tuple1
Tuple10
Tuple11
Tuple12
Tuple13
Tuple14
Tuple15
Tuple16
Tuple17
Tuple18
Tuple19
Tuple2
Tuple20
Tuple21
Tuple22
Tuple3
Tuple4
Tuple5
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volatile

Any

abstract class Any

Class Any is the root of the Scala class hierarchy. Every class in a Scala execution environment inherits directly or indirectly from this class.

Starting with Scala 2.10 it is possible to directly extend Any using universal traits. A universal trait is a trait that extends Any, only has defs as members, and does no initialization.

The main use case for universal traits is to allow basic inheritance of methods for value classes. For example,

trait Printable extends Any {
  def print(): Unit = println(this)
}
class Wrapper(val underlying: Int) extends AnyVal with Printable

val w = new Wrapper(3)
w.print()

See the Value Classes and Universal Traits for more details on the interplay of universal traits and value classes.

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by any2stringadd
by StringFormat
by Ensuring
by ArrowAssoc

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Public
Protected

Abstract Value Members

abstract def getClass(): Class[_ <: AnyRef]
Returns the runtime class representation of the object.
Returns the runtime class representation of the object.
returns
a class object corresponding to the runtime type of the receiver.

Concrete Value Members

final def !=(arg0: Any): Boolean
Test two objects for inequality.
Test two objects for inequality.
returns
true if !(this == that), false otherwise.
final def ##: Int
Equivalent to x.hashCode except for boxed numeric types and null.
Equivalent to x.hashCode except for boxed numeric types and null. For numerics, it returns a hash value which is consistent with value equality: if two value type instances compare as true, then ## will produce the same hash value for each of them. For null returns a hashcode where null.hashCode throws a NullPointerException.
returns
a hash value consistent with ==
def +(other: String): String
Implicit
This member is added by an implicit conversion from Any toany2stringadd[Any] performed by method any2stringadd in scala.Predef.
Definition Classes
any2stringadd
def ->[B](y: B): (Any, B)
Implicit
This member is added by an implicit conversion from Any toArrowAssoc[Any] performed by method ArrowAssoc in scala.Predef.
Definition Classes
ArrowAssoc
Annotations
@inline()
final def ==(arg0: Any): Boolean
Test two objects for equality.
Test two objects for equality. The expression x == that is equivalent to if (x eq null) that eq null else x.equals(that).
returns
true if the receiver object is equivalent to the argument; false otherwise.
final def asInstanceOf[T0]: T0
Cast the receiver object to be of type T0.
Cast the receiver object to be of type T0.
Note that the success of a cast at runtime is modulo Scala's erasure semantics. Therefore the expression 1.asInstanceOf[String] will throw a ClassCastException at runtime, while the expression List(1).asInstanceOf[List[String]] will not. In the latter example, because the type argument is erased as part of compilation it is not possible to check whether the contents of the list are of the requested type.
returns
the receiver object.
Exceptions thrown
ClassCastException if the receiver object is not an instance of the erasure of type T0.
def ensuring(cond: (Any) => Boolean, msg: => Any): Any
Implicit
This member is added by an implicit conversion from Any toEnsuring[Any] performed by method Ensuring in scala.Predef.
Definition Classes
Ensuring
def ensuring(cond: (Any) => Boolean): Any
Implicit
This member is added by an implicit conversion from Any toEnsuring[Any] performed by method Ensuring in scala.Predef.
Definition Classes
Ensuring
def ensuring(cond: Boolean, msg: => Any): Any
Implicit
This member is added by an implicit conversion from Any toEnsuring[Any] performed by method Ensuring in scala.Predef.
Definition Classes
Ensuring
def ensuring(cond: Boolean): Any
Implicit
This member is added by an implicit conversion from Any toEnsuring[Any] performed by method Ensuring in scala.Predef.
Definition Classes
Ensuring
def equals(arg0: Any): Boolean
Compares the receiver object (this) with the argument object (that) for equivalence.
Compares the receiver object (this) with the argument object (that) for equivalence.
Any implementation of this method should be an equivalence relation:
- It is reflexive: for any instance x of type Any, x.equals(x) should return true.
- It is symmetric: for any instances x and y of type Any, x.equals(y) should return true if and only if y.equals(x) returns true.
- It is transitive: for any instances x, y, and z of type Any if x.equals(y) returns true and y.equals(z) returns true, then x.equals(z) should return true.
If you override this method, you should verify that your implementation remains an equivalence relation. Additionally, when overriding this method it is usually necessary to override hashCode to ensure that objects which are "equal" (o1.equals(o2) returns true) hash to the same scala.Int. (o1.hashCode.equals(o2.hashCode)).
returns
true if the receiver object is equivalent to the argument; false otherwise.
def hashCode(): Int
Calculate a hash code value for the object.
Calculate a hash code value for the object.
The default hashing algorithm is platform dependent.
Note that it is allowed for two objects to have identical hash codes (o1.hashCode.equals(o2.hashCode)) yet not be equal (o1.equals(o2) returns false). A degenerate implementation could always return 0. However, it is required that if two objects are equal (o1.equals(o2) returns true) that they have identical hash codes (o1.hashCode.equals(o2.hashCode)). Therefore, when overriding this method, be sure to verify that the behavior is consistent with the equals method.
returns
the hash code value for this object.
final def isInstanceOf[T0]: Boolean
Test whether the dynamic type of the receiver object has the same erasure as T0.
Test whether the dynamic type of the receiver object has the same erasure as T0.
Depending on what T0 is, the test is done in one of the below ways:
- T0 is a non-parameterized class type, e.g. BigDecimal: this method returns true if the value of the receiver object is a BigDecimal or a subtype of BigDecimal.
- T0 is a parameterized class type, e.g. List[Int]: this method returns true if the value of the receiver object is some List[X] for any X. For example, List(1, 2, 3).isInstanceOf[List[String]] will return true.
- T0 is some singleton type x.type or literal x: this method returns this.eq(x). For example, x.isInstanceOf[1] is equivalent to x.eq(1)
- T0 is an intersection X with Y or X & Y: this method is equivalent to x.isInstanceOf[X] && x.isInstanceOf[Y]
- T0 is a union X | Y: this method is equivalent to x.isInstanceOf[X] || x.isInstanceOf[Y]
- T0 is a type parameter or an abstract type member: this method is equivalent to isInstanceOf[U] where U is T0's upper bound, Any if T0 is unbounded. For example, x.isInstanceOf[A] where A is an unbounded type parameter will return true for any value of x.
This is exactly equivalent to the type pattern _: T0
returns
true if the receiver object is an instance of erasure of type T0; false otherwise.
Note
due to the unexpectedness of List(1, 2, 3).isInstanceOf[List[String]] returning true and x.isInstanceOf[A] where A is a type parameter or abstract member returning true, these forms issue a warning.
def toString(): String
Returns a string representation of the object.
Returns a string representation of the object.
The default representation is platform dependent.
returns
a string representation of the object.

Deprecated Value Members

def formatted(fmtstr: String): String
Returns string formatted according to given format string.
Returns string formatted according to given format string. Format strings are as for String.format (@see java.lang.String.format).
Implicit
This member is added by an implicit conversion from Any toStringFormat[Any] performed by method StringFormat in scala.Predef.
Definition Classes
StringFormat
Annotations
@deprecated @inline()
Deprecated
(Since version 2.12.16) Use formatString.format(value) instead of value.formatted(formatString), or use the f"" string interpolator. In Java 15 and later, formatted resolves to the new method in String which has reversed parameters.
def →[B](y: B): (Any, B)
Implicit
This member is added by an implicit conversion from Any toArrowAssoc[Any] performed by method ArrowAssoc in scala.Predef.
Definition Classes
ArrowAssoc
Annotations
@deprecated
Deprecated
(Since version 2.13.0) Use -> instead. If you still wish to display it as one character, consider using a font with programming ligatures such as Fira Code.

Packages

Package structure

Automatic imports

Guide

Common Imports

Specifying Durations

Using Futures For Non-blocking Computation

Avoid Blocking

Any

abstract class Any

Abstract Value Members

Concrete Value Members

Deprecated Value Members

Inherited by implicit conversion any2stringadd fromAny to any2stringadd[Any]

Inherited by implicit conversion StringFormat fromAny to StringFormat[Any]

Inherited by implicit conversion Ensuring fromAny to Ensuring[Any]

Inherited by implicit conversion ArrowAssoc fromAny to ArrowAssoc[Any]

Ungrouped

Packages

Package structure

Automatic imports

Guide

Common Imports

Specifying Durations

Using Futures For Non-blocking Computation

Avoid Blocking

Any

abstract class Any

Abstract Value Members

Concrete Value Members

Deprecated Value Members

Inherited by implicit conversion any2stringadd fromAny to any2stringadd[Any]

Inherited by implicit conversion StringFormat fromAny to StringFormat[Any]

Inherited by implicit conversion Ensuring fromAny to Ensuring[Any]

Inherited by implicit conversion ArrowAssoc fromAny to ArrowAssoc[Any]

Ungrouped

Any